To keep your dog happy and healthy, it is important to nurture his immune system so he can fight off illness and disease. For the most part, maintaining your dog’s immune system is simple: give him love, good food, lots to do and spend a lot of time with him.

The importance of proper nutrition

You already know that you shouldn?t give ?people food? to your dog. But the quality of your dog?s food is also important. Deficiencies and excesses of nutrients in your dog?s diet can have a large impact on his immune system.

Giving your dog vitamin E supplements can boost his immune system. But too much vitamin A, zinc and iron can suppress his immune system. A diet deficient in these nutrients can compromise your dog?s immune system:

• Folic acid
• Protein
• Vitamin B6
• Vitamin E
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin A
• Copper
• Iron
• Selenium
• Zinc

Protein is particularly important to immune system function. Protein should make up at least 20 to 25 percent of an adult dog?s diet.

Inadequate protein leaves your dog susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, and makes it harder for him to recover from injury. Giving your dog antioxidants and Echinacea may also improve his immune system.

When buying food, try to avoid chemical preservatives and by-products, just like you would in your own food. And be careful not to over feed your dog: obesity compromises the immune system and can negatively affect your dog?s health in other ways.

The influence of stress on the immune system of dogs

To a certain extent, stress is good for your dog. It activates the production of hormones and his natural defense mechanisms. But too much stress can cause allergies, heart and stomach troubles, and psychological problems.

Training programs have been developed to help dogs handle stress and can be started soon after birth. Exposing dogs to gentle stress in a controlled environment can improve cardiovascular function and resistance to disease. It can also increase your dog?s level of confidence in new situations. But be careful, all dogs are different; the right amount of stress for one dog can be too much for another.

Stress and the use of signals

Dogs use signals to calm each other and themselves, such as:

• Walking slowly
• Sitting
• Licking the nose
• Turning the head
• Yawning
• Wagging the tail

By observing the calming signals your dog uses, you can also use those signals to calm your dog in a difficult situation and reduce his stress. This will also increase the bond between you and your dog.

The importance of activity and exercise

Just like humans, dogs need exercise and entertainment to stay healthy. Every dog is different, so you will need to figure out the right balance of exercise and activity for your dog. The stimulation will keep your dog happy and decrease his risk for obesity.

http://www.asc-cockerspaniel.org/health/news08.asp
http://www.allourpets.com/holistic/immune-system.shtml

A healthy immune system is necessary for the health and well-being of your pet. His immune system acts like a surveillance and defense system for his body. It watches for foreign substances, viruses, bacteria, toxins, parasites, and destroys them.

A healthy immune system will keep your pet happy and healthy, and it is up to you to maintain it. Luckily there are several easy and natural ways to boost your pet?s immune system.

The importance of a quality diet

The best way to boost your pet?s immune system is to feed him a nutritious, high-quality diet. Your pet can?t stay healthy if he?s not getting the vitamins and nutrients he needs. Try to avoid pet foods that contain a lot of chemical preservatives or fillers.

Protein is especially important for the immune system. It helps your pet fight off viral and bacterial infections and even recover from injury. Protein should make up at least 20-25 percent of an adult dog?s diet.

It is also important to make sure that your pet is getting enough of these nutrients:

• Zinc
• Iron
• Vitamins B6, E, A, C
• Folic acid
• Selenium
• Copper

Many pets benefit from vitamin E supplements.

Making sure that your pet gets the nutrients he needs is important for his immune system and general health. But don?t go overboard; sometimes taking too much of a nutrient, like vitamin A, zinc and iron, can actually weaken the immune system. And just like in people, consuming too much fat and/or calories is also detrimental for pet immune systems. Obesity, a growing problem for companion animals, negatively affects the body?s ability to fight off infection.

Antioxidants for pets

Pets can benefit from the consumption of antioxidants, just like humans. Technically, antioxidants don?t boost the immune system. They actually give the immune system a break by cleaning up oxidizing chemicals caused by cell damage and decreasing chemicals, like histamine, that cause cell damage. Antioxidants can be found in supplements like:

• Vitamins C and E
• Grape seed extract
• Quercetin
• Ginkgo biloba

Echinacea for pets

This familiar herb works for pets and humans. It stimulates the immune system, and has antiviral and antibacterial properties as well. If you would likek to give your pet Echinacea, veterinarians recommend feeding your pet Echinacea for 3-4 weeks and then alternating with a rest period of 3-4 weeks.

Arabinogalactans for pets

Arabinoglactans come from the larch tree, Larix occidentalis. This plant stimulates the immune system and also has anti-inflammatory properties. It can be used when the immune system needs to be stimulated, for viral or bacterial infections, fungal diseases, etc. It may also be used during cancer treatment.

Vaccines and chemicals

Beyond diet and supplements, there are other simple steps you can take to boost your pet?s immune system and keep him healthy. One suggestion is to make sure your pet only receives vaccinations when needed. Not all veterinarians agree that pets need annual shots. A blood test can determine which vaccines your pet actually needs. You should also minimize your pet?s exposure to chemicals, and only use chemical prevention products (fleas, heartworm, etc.) when completely necessary.

http://www.allourpets.com/holistic/immune-system.shtml
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1614&articleid=957

Demodex Canis

Demodex canis is an external microscopic mite commonly known to infect cats and dogs. These mites are natural in limited number to all dogs, but overpopulation of these mites can cause unpleasant consequences if left untreated. Hereditary factors have been identified and established that seem to create or inhibit susceptibility of these mites to particular animals. Demodex canis can thrive only on particular hosts, such as cats and dogs, and is therefore not typically contagious to humans.

Demodectic Mange

Demodectic Mange, commonly known as red or puppy mange, is typically diagnosed by the appearance of moist, red and inflamed skin that is rough and flaky to the touch. Upon the infection and overpopulation of an individual dog to the Demodex canis mite, the condition is commonly called demodectic mange or demodicosis. Presence of the mites is typically localized to the general area of the face near the hair follicle. Demodectic mange can present itself as a difficult factor in three particular forms, based on the location and severity of the infection, and the treatment options suitable for the particular situation.

Localized

Localized demodectic mange is predominately located on the face or forelegs. It is common to notice red lesions and loss of hair at the particular site of infection. Typical treatment of localized demodectic mange, as with all cases of mange, is a bath, being sure to gently clean any injuries caused by the mites. Natural treatments are available including ointments, to aid in the process of mite elimination and to enhance and amplify the overall healing process.

Generalized

It is customary for generalized demodectic mange to develop from untreated localized demodectic mange. Generalized demodectic mange varies in its effects based on the age of the dog. In adult dogs, the presence of generalized demodectic mange is primarily a sign for a larger underlying issue, such as an immune system deficiency. In the best interests of the dog, it is wise to consult a veterinarian if this condition is present as extensively antibiotics are required for full recovery. In young dogs and puppies, localized treatments are typically utilized and it is normal for puppies to spontaneously overcome the condition.

Demodectic Pododermatitis

Demodectic Pododermatitis is the Demodex canis parasite customarily limited to the paws. Treatment for this type of demodectic mange is similar to that of localized, but is associated with a higher rate for bacterial infections. Due to this fact, it is important to use antibacterial agents on the area traumatized by the mites. Your local veterinarian may recommend antibiotics, but this is based on individualized cases.

Demodectic Mange Types: General Overview

All three types of demodectic mange (localized, generalized, and demodectic pododermatitis) accompany certain the negative side effects including the possibility of a weakened immune system, creating an increased incidence for bacterial infections. The sooner treatment of the demodectic mange occurs, typically the quicker the recovery, accompanying the decreased chance of bacterial infections. Do what is best for your dog and if in doubt, visit your veterinarian.
http://lbah.com/canine/demodex.htm
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A healthy functioning immune system in your baby pet is order to ensure good overall general health. In order to understand how the immune system functions in your baby pet, it is first necessary to understand the general immune system responsibilities and functions.

The Immune System

The main function of the immune system is protection. The immune system is responsible for the identification and destruction of harmful foreign materials. The immune system is broken into two parts based on specific modes of functioning including the innate and adaptive immune systems. There are also two divisions within the adaptive immune system based on particular immune development including active and passive immunity.

Innate Immune System

The innate immune system functions as the first line of defense for your baby pet. The innate immune system is present in nearly all organisms and is non-specific and non-adaptive. This non-specific immunity attempts to block all harmful foreign pathogenic agents and is not capable of adapting. The most common examples of the innate immune system include:

• Skin
• Hydrochloric Acid: Produced by the stomach
• Mucous
• Saliva
• Phagocytes
• Monocytes
• Macrophages

Adaptive Immune System

The adaptive immune system functions as another line of defense for your baby pet. The adaptive immune system is specific to particular foreign agents and is capable of adaptation. Adaptations are possible through exposure to foreign agents. The adaptive immune system is also equipped with memory. This memory storage is used by the immune system to recognize foreign agents that have already presented themselves for quicker and more effective destruction.

Active Immunity

Active immunity is acquired and developed throughout the life of your pet and is generally a long-term effect. Active immunity is typically caused by infection. The infection is destroyed by the immune system and the memory of this particular foreign agent that was cause for the infection is retained for future use. Active immunity can also be obtained through vaccinations. This is why immunizations are critical for your baby pet. There are specific vaccinations for all pets recommended by veterinarians. These vaccinations serve to strengthen the immune system and provide a basis for preventing unnecessary diseases.

Passive Immunity

Passive immunity is acquired not by means of its own development and is typically ?borrowed? as a short term effect. The most common example of passive immunity is the passing of immunity from mother to offspring. The offspring are born with the immunities of the mother, and this immunity continues throughout the beginning months. It is important that your baby pet be allowed to use breastmilk from the mother if at all possible. This milk contains specific antibodies strengthening the immune system while the immune system of your baby pet develops its own capabilities of defense.

Immunity and Nutrient Requirements

The immune system of your baby pet is critical for protection against foreign pathogens. There are specific nutritional requirements for your baby pet to ensure the proper development and maintenance of a healthy immune system. These requirements are typically met through a healthy general diet, but this is not always effective.

In addition to a healthy diet, there are natural supplements available that ensure proper nutritional requirements are met. Immune system requirements vary on the type of pet, as well as genetic and environmental factors. As always, consult your veterinarian about any questions you may have concerning your baby pets health.

References
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=2&articleid=957
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=1&cat=1352&articleid=956

Feline Immunodeficiency Disease: What is it?

Feline Immunodeficiency Disease is a worldwide disease that invades the immune system of cats, serving to weaken the immune system and hinder normal immune system response capabilities that ordinarily protect and defend against infections upon confrontation of pathogens. There are two types of Feline Immunodeficiency Disease including:

• Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
• Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

What are the Signs and Symptoms?

The signs and symptoms for both FIV and FeLV are very similar. The disease has the ability to remain dormant for a period of incubation, unnoticeable as symptoms do not occur upon infection immediately. The virus is responsible for suppression of the immune system, and it is common for symptoms to be produced from different opportunistic infections as the normal immune response is impeded.

• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Anemia
• Unexplained behavioral changes
• Diarrhea
• Persistent fever
• Consistent infection of systems: skin, respiratory, urinary
• Eye infections
• Mouth and gum inflammation
• Reproductive complications
• Neurological disorders
• Seizures
• Enlarged lymph nodes

What are the Risk Factors for Feline Immunodeficiency Disease?

There are several known risk factors that enhance a cat’s rate of infection for the disease including:

• Age: Older cats are more likely to become infected.
• Gender: Male cats have a higher infection rate than female cats.
• Disease: Cats with suppressed immune systems are more susceptible to infection.
• Location: Cats that live primarily out of doors have a prominently higher infection rate than indoor cats.

How is Feline Immunodeficiency Disease Transmitted?

Transmittance of Feline Immuno deficency Virus most commonly associated with saliva contact; typically bite wounds are the cause of infection. It is also possible for FIV to be transmitted in-utero from mother to kittens. Feline Leukemia Virus is highly contagious and transmittance is possible through close contact. Both viruses are associated with a weakening of the immune system, increasing overall susceptibility of the infected cat to other pathogens.

Is Feline Immunodeficiency Disease Contagious to Humans?

Feline Immunodeficiency Disease, both FIV and FeLV are species specific viruses capable of infecting felines only. Feline Immunodeficiency Disease is not contagious to humans. However, humans are infected by a similar virus: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

How does the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infect?

Feline immunodeficiency Disease is caused by a retrovirus, made of RNA (ribonucleic acid). Upon infection of the host, the RNA is incorporated into the feline DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

How is the Feline Immunodeficiency Disease Diagnosed?

Diagnosis of Feline Immunodeficiency Disease is accomplished by use of diagnostic antibody testing on the blood. Feline Leukemia Virus is achieved by use of diagnostic antigen testing on the blood by a veterinarian. The disease is not detectable upon immediate infection, but must develop between 8-12 weeks before detection is possible. Often, results obtained through ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) are confirmed by western blotting of protein aggregates.

Is Feline Immunodeficiency Disease Preventable?

Feline Immunodeficiency Disease is preventable. The first step of prevention is to stop exposure from other cats that are potentially infected. Vaccinations are available against the disease, but are not always 100% effective against infection.

My Cat has Feline Immunodeficiency Disease: Is it Treatable?

Treatments are available for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus infections, but there is no known cure for the disease. It is important to manage your cat’s disease and isolate your FIV-positive cat from other animals to ensure the disease is not spread. Accurate prediction of life span is not possible, but most infected cats can be expected to live months or years depending on specific conditions and quality of care. There do exist specific treatments that can enhance life span including:

• Antiviral medications
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Proper care: Fluid intake and nutrition
• Antibiotics: For prevention of opportunistic secondary infections

http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=1&cat=1316&articleid=213
http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/brochures/fiv.html
http://www.cats.org.uk/catcare/leaflets/655_fiv.pdf